Rare earth elements have a rich outer layer valence electron structure, which gives them many properties and has been widely used in many important fields. With the maturity of rare earth separation process, the price of rare earth continues to decline, which provides a guarantee for the large-scale application of rare earth elements in the field of supported solid phase catalysts. This paper mainly reviews the domestic and foreign applications and development status of heterogeneously supported catalysts modified by rare earth in the fields of petroleum processing, chemical engineering and photochemical. The modification process and application properties of rare earth elements in the field of heterogeneously supported catalysts are introduced in detail. The problems in the research of rare earth modified catalysts, the corresponding solutions and the development trend are considered and prospected.

Nitrobenzene has high toxicity, good stability and great difficulty in degrading in the water, which is easy to cause harm to human health and natural environment. Researchers at home and abroad have been attracted by how to deal with the nitrobenzene in wastewater. This paper discusses the main methods for the degradation of nitrobenzene wastewater currently used in physical, chemical and biological methods, and made a prospect of the research. Finally, it is pointed out that the integrated of various methods for nitrobenzene degradation is the focus of future research.

Paraffin wax was blended with F-T wax. The effects of the mass fraction of F-T wax on paraffin 46 ^# and 58 ^# were investigated respectively. The results show that the addition of F-T wax can significantly increase the melting point of paraffin, when the mass fraction of F-T wax increases from 0.05% to 30.00%, the melting point of 46 ^# and 58 ^# blended wax drops from 72.4 ℃ to 44.4 ℃, and drops from 88.4 ℃ to 62.4 ℃, respectively. With the increase of the mass fraction of F-T wax, the melting point and penetration of blended wax decrease continuously, that is, the mass fraction of F-T wax is inversely proportional to the drop melting point and penetration. The analysis of the crystalline structure of the blended wax shows that, the content of non-isoparaffins in the blended wax is higher. So its crystal structure is an array of inclined lattice arrangement of the long needlelike wax crystals, and the natural paraffin crystallization is different with others, which composition is more complex.

Using a high-temperature and high-pressure ultrasonic reactor, the hydrothermal cracking reaction of vacuum residue of Huizhou Refinery. The gas product composition, liquid product composition, reaction coke SEM morphology, and element analysis were investigated to discuss the mechanism of hydrothermal cracking reaction under the effect of ultrasonic wave. The results show that there is no significant difference in the yield of gas products in hydrothermal cracking reaction mechanism of the residue under the effect of ultrasonic wave and the production rate of light oil has been increased slightly while that of coke has been slightly reduced. The angularity of the coke particles is relatively smooth and the pore structure appears, indicating that under the effect of ultrasonic wave, the hydrothermal cracking reaction of residual oil is mainly based on the radical thermal reaction mechanism and the cavatition of ultrasonic wave can promote the residuum to have cracking reaction so that the production rate of light oil has been slightly increased. The mechanical effect of ultrasonic wave causes the raw coke precursor suspended in the residue to oscillate violently, so as to prevent its polymerization, thus having reduced coking, the large increase of Ni in the coke indicates that the catalyst provides a coking center for coking.

Ultrasonic amplitude-variation bar type reactor has been employed to probe the liaohe heavy oil ultrasonic cracking viscosity reduction. The effects on reaction temperature, processing time and ultrasonic power, to the viscosity reduction ratio, were investigated. In the experiment, ultrasonic processing parameter were optimized, the energy consuming of ultrasonic processing and viscosity reduction cracking was calculated and compared. the viscosity reduction effect (1 kg heavy oil in Liaohe)reached the optimum under the condition of high pressure(experimental pressure 8 MPa), ultrasonic power 1.5 kW, processing temperature 300 ℃ and processing time 20 min, where the viscosity reduction ratio of 1 kg heavy oil was 47.69%; the most important factor of viscosity reduction ratio was ultrasonic power; ultrasonic processing time and temperature took second place. Compared to viscosity reduction cracking technology, ultrasonic processing had the advantage of low power consuming, during processing the same samples, which provided effective method to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil with low energy consuming and high efficiency.

In order to further strengthen the flow, mass transfer and mixing performance of the air lift loop reactor, a new type of annular air lift loop reactor was designed. The reactor is made of plexiglass. Outer tube height is 1 800 mm, the inner diameter of 90 mm, the length of the draft tube is 1 600 mm, the diameter of the main body is 50 mm, and the draft tube is attached with a number of groups spiral fins. when the superficial gas velocity is in the range of 0.37~2.59 cm/s, in the effect of bottom clearance, solid loading and different materials on the distributor of gas holdup in the reactor. The results show that the apparent gas velocity under the same conditions, with the increase of superficial gas velocity, rising area of local gas holdup increases; solid loading increases, rising area of local phase holdup increases; the bottom gap becomes larger, rate becomes larger with the local gas under low gas velocity; high gas velocity, gas the rate of change. At low superficial gas velocity, local gas holdup was lower than that of polymer materials with microporous local gas distributor; when the superficial gas velocity is high, the result is opposite.

Crude oil has the tendency to become heavier and inferior，and thus the processing and utilization of the residue is the major subject in oil refining industry. According to its physical properties, chemical structures and processing methods, the processes data about thermal conversion reaction, resin and asphaltene, saturate and aromatics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, desulfurization and denitrification has been summarized and analyzed, and results showed that dealkylation and condensation of resin and asphaltene would occur, and ring-opening and dealkylation reaction of saturate and aromatics would happen, and hydrogenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons went through carbonium reaction mechanism, while the denitrogenation and desulfurization of residue was based on Lewis acid base interaction.

Using selfdeveloped LSW201 additive, the effects of intensifying distillation on Oman crude oil were determined at different concentrations by simple distillation．After using LSW201 additives in vacuum distillation devices of Luoyang petrochemical refinery, LWS201 1# additive was very good. The experimental and industrial results show that LSW201 additive for crude oil distillation has a good strengthening effect, the best mass fraction of additive is 100～120 μg/g.

The ternary phase diagrams of diesel oil, water, cosurfactant and surfactant system were plotted. The effect of various parameters, such as HydrophileLipophile Balance( HLB) value, the mass ratio of cosurfactant to surfactant and other parameters, on the stability of emulsifying diesel oil, was studied by using the phase change of the ternary phase diagram. It was shown that the compound of different HLB value, weak base of additive, mass ratio of cosurfactant to surfactant had a great influence on the ternary phase diagram of emulsified diesel. The largest emulsion region of the ternary phase diagram was obtained when HLB value was 5.8 for the compound of Span 80 and Tween 60 and the mass ratio of cosurfactant to surfactant was 0.3 in alkaline environment. The experimental results show that the effect of emulsifying diesel oil was best during the minimum dosage of mixed emulsifier.

A number of preliminary studies have been done to demetallize the Liaohe wax with the ultrasound-assisting method, and the ultrasonic parameters on the effect of demetallization have been studied. The results showed that the impact of demetallization with the ultrasound were better than that without the ultrasound, which can be achieved high rate of demetallization within a short period of time. The effect of demetallization is the best when the ultrasonic frequency is 28 kHz, the manner of ultrasonic effectiveness is consecutive and the ultrasonic intensity is 10 W/cm2, then the removal rate of Zn is 90%, and the removal rates of Ca and Ni are above 80%.